Unit 4 P5

Life Stages I will be explaining the physical and psychological changes which may be associated with ageing. Physical changes – skin, bones and joints * Skin becomes more wrinkled, thinner and less elastic. * Bones are less dense and are more likely to suffer from minor or serve injuries. * Joints stiffen and can be more painful as the bones thin out. * Muscles become weakened and loosen. * The spine may round which leads to hunched backs and other spine conditions. Senses: * Vision is not as good as it use to be, sometimes with ageing comes an eye condition known as cataracts. Deteriorating may occur within the senses of taste and smell. * Sense of hearing will deteriorate becoming more difficult to hear low pitch sounds. * Balance senses become poor. Organs: * Organ muscles become weaker in which could create risks of constipation. * Blood pressure increases. * Breathing starts to change. * Nutrients from foods don’t often get taken in as well as before when younger. Respiratory System: When blood is not being pumped around the body properly, breathlessness will result. Common disorders in the respiratory system which will occur include common diseases such as Bronchitis.Chest muscles could reduce with ageing and lungs could deteriorate. Hearing: Most individuals over the age of 60+ suffer from hearing impairment. Most elderly people by the time they have reached 70+have lost their hearing. This could happen due to the sensitivity of the nerve cells decreasing. Learning: It takes longer for an older person to learn something than it once was for them when they were younger; this is to do with the functioning of the brain, as you get older your brain functions slower. Memory Loss: Aging has a substantial affect on the brain. The brain stores all the information that was once learnt in their life.Short-term memories are not usually affected by aging but your recent memory will be affected. Older people generally tend to forget names or their own n ames. This is a normal change within the body. Confusion: Confusion is a common problem in individuals over 65 years old. Confusion may occur fast or slowly over time, depending on the cause. Sometimes confusion can be temporary. Reactions Time: As we get older we tend to process information at a slower pace. This means it can take longer to figure out what is going on and what to do about it. This is usually due to the changes in the nervous system over time.

NewCastle Beer

NewCastle Beer employs multiple market positioning. The strategy involves specialization of brands for particular markets which is designed to be representative of the demographic and psychographic characteristics of these respective markets. Though the strategy is not unique to the company, by customizing products to markets instead of introducing existing products as they are, the company is able to subscribe to variances in requirements or demands particularly in its international operations (Research and Markets, 2005). Thus, NewCastle Beer is positioned specifically for the variant’s target market which is accomplished by developing direct rapport and natural preference for the product for the purpose of status or identity. Target position is for NewCastle Beer to be the personal choice of the market regardless of their tastes for beer and related products. Currently the company dominates the UK and Irish markets, considered as the key beer import company in the US and one of the fastest growing brands in Central and Eastern Europe (Scottish-Newcastle, 2007). Some of the marketing strategies done for NewCastle Beer use personal appeal and a degree of bandwagon effect. Campaigns figure significantly scenarios common to the market for middle to lower end markets while emphasizing status and quality dominates the strategy for high end products. The latter include co-marketing strategies with establishments either in the form of product supply or price benefits for significant sales or exclusivity of NewCastle Beer in the establishments (Scottish-Newcastle, 2007). In consumer sales, efforts include point of purchase and media advertising. Though campaigns vary to accommodate localized cultural references, there is significant and direct allusion to the history of the product and the company (Research and Markets, 2005). This strategy is to establish the quality of the product particularly in markets where there existing brand or product leaders. There are also significant partnerships for in-house sales as well as consumer sales. References Research and Markets (2005). Breweries & the Beer Market 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2007 from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/304454Â   Scottish-Newcastle (2007). Brands and Market Positions. Retrieved on July 15, 2007 from http://www.scottish-newcastle.com/snplc/brands/interactivemap/map_text/#brands

Shakespeare's The Tempest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shakespeare's The Tempest - Essay Example However, in the story, Caliban appears to be knowledgeable but subjugated due to which, all his qualities are suppressed. The character of Caliban points towards closeness to nature, colonialism and slavery. The character of Caliban is described by Shakespeare as a ‘Savage and deformed slave’ that characterizes the upbringing of the creature (Graf 3). Caliban is nurtured by Prospero as a slave who makes use of the creature for his own benefits. He teaches Caliban his language with the help of which, Caliban can tell him about the marvels of the island. Caliban is native to the island and knows better than anyone else about the island. Prospero killed Caliban’s mother and take hold of young Caliban, about which, he says, Prospero taught Caliban how to use language and considering this as a service, he told Prospero about the island and its features that were hidden previously. After gaining knowledge of the details of the island, Prospero enslaves Caliban and considers him as an abhorred creature who knows nothing. For Prospero, Caliban is only a slave who is savage and deformed. He is far from civilization and knows nothing about it. Prospero calls Caliban with many abusive words and he regards him as a slave only created for his service such as he says, Prospero uses his power to keep control on the creature. Prospero makes Caliban to do what he likes and takes away his freedom and liberty. Caliban is allowed only to do what Prospero likes. Caliban is deprived of his right over the island and Prospero after making the island colonized regards it his property and the native of the island, Caliban becomes his slave. Prospero belongs to some other place and in reality, the island does not belong to Prospero but he takes hold of it because of his power. Caliban is the true dweller of the island and acknowledges this fact as he says, Caliban describes the fact that the island is usurped by Prsopero and he is

Advantages of Induced Pluripotent Stem cell research Essay

Advantages of Induced Pluripotent Stem cell research - Essay Example A very important breakthrough came two years ago with the discovery that adult multipotent adult stem cells can be induced, by the addition of transcription factors, to convert into pluripotent cells (Takahashi, Tanabe and Ohnuki). These cells came to be known as induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS cells. Research of iPS cell technology must be promoted because of the many advantages of using iPS cells compared to the other stem cell types. The first major advantage is the use of somatic tissues instead of embryos as sources. Various types of somatic tissues can be used as sources of iPS cells for the repair of damaged tissues (Yu, Vodyanik and Smuga-Otto). Patient-derived somatic cells can produce patient-specific iPS cells that contain the patient’s genetic information. When these iPS cells are used in transplantation to replace diseased cells, the risk for rejection is reduced. Immune rejection is a problem in the use of embryonic stem cells (de Wert and Mummery). Another potential application is to use the iPS cells for constructing specific disease models and screening for effective drugs (Yamanaka). The potential therefore is high for healing degenerative and chronic diseases like cystic fibrosis, chronic heart problems, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s dis ease and many more (Yamanaka). The advantage of using somatic cells as sources for iPS cells leads to another advantage, which is the removal of the major ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells. Ethical and moral issues have hounded stem cell research since its potential applications were discovered, most concerning the use of 4-5 day old embryos as sources of embryonic stem cells. Since the embryos die upon the isolation of stem cells, the main ethical questions centered on life and its beginnings. Other issues were on obtaining stem cells from pre-implantation embryos, and if this is the case,

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final - Essay Example For various American Tribes and other indigenous group, the key point is coping with changing environment conditions. The main objective of all various forms tribal American Indian leaders is â€Å"to encounter the contest head-on, probing for plans to manage rising seas, melting ice and unstable populations of plants, animals and fish. Another key fact associated with their adaptation process is tackling changing social and economic culture. The job patter and living style is changing constantly in the USA. The people of America, especially American Indian are facing challenges associated with â€Å"With better health and longevity, lower birth rates, and the ageing of baby boomers, the world is seeing a major change in demographic trends. The process of adaptation can be more elaborately discuss in light of Abbott (1999) article- Alcohol and the Anishinaabeg of Minnesota in the Early Twentieth Century. The article discuss about the changing pattern of the drinking style of the In dian American in the country from Nineteenth century till date. In the seventeenth century, well before the discovery of alcohol pathology, Indian American was passionately attached to drinking. In the Nineteenth century the pattern changed slightly as they get addicted to strong drinks rather than regular and large volume of drinking (Abbott, 1999, pp. 25-26).In the earlier stage the trade of Alcohol was carried out against food and other important staff which slowly started to change. Slowly the pattern started to change as the American Indian started to use this as a gift in occasion and often resemble the same with the mother milk. In the areas such as Anishinaabe, drinking was a major incident among the people but soon they forced the pattern that they used to follow. There was a distinct difference in the pattern of drinking of the people in that area, those who used to live near the border or trading

Describe Wilson's Moral Diplomacy policies Research Paper

Describe Wilson's Moral Diplomacy policies - Research Paper Example Thus, Wilson’s moral diplomacy policies were essential as they encouraged people to develop reliable and desirable international relations, especially between the United State and other democratic nations. According to the text, Experience History, Volume 2: To 1877, strong international relations and affairs are the origin of development and economic growth in nations, and this is observed from the developments in the United States. The moral diplomacy policies fostered by Wilson were essentially rooted on the economic power with the understanding that democracy was, and is still the most salient aspect of a stable and growing country. Moral democracy was encouraged in the nation as it endorsed democracy and peace in the respective nation and other nations that had similar moral beliefs with U.S (James, Brian, Christine, Mark & Michael, 149-476). Reflecting on the argument of Wilson, (James, Brian, Christine, Mark & Michael, 149-476) the execution of the policies majored at c ondemning imperialism, as this aided the nation in improving its relations with other nations. In addition, the economic growth of the nation would be rapid as U.S was ready to support other nations who had democratic governments and had positive impacts to the economy and developments in U.S among other democratic nations. ... According to the text, implementation of the moral policies in the United State improved the international affairs among other democrats in the sense that the social, political and economic sectors of the respective nations were improved leading to standardized living styles in the nations (James, Brian, Christine, Mark & Michael, 149-476). The president used the fact that United State is a leading participant in the world economy to convince, and force other nations to submit to his moral diplomacy to improve the nation’s economic relations with other countries. Considering the article, The National Experience: A History of the United States (Pt. 1 & 2), the authors tried to define moral diplomacy as a tool that president Wilson attempted to use to win the social, political and economic support from other nations that were democratic. The writer shows how the President hoped to manipulate, and control other nations through economic pressures, and he achieved this by the effor ts he made in denying other nations that were, not to his idea economic support. According to the president, â€Å"The force if America is the force of moral principle†, and this was the phrase that he used to win support from other nations, thus raising the economic relations of his nation, U.S (John, William, Edmund, Arthur & Kenneth, 289-892). The moral diplomacy, according to the authors had several benefits and demerits to United State and other participating nations. For instance, American’s economic interests in other democratic nations are raised in the sense that, since U.S is a key player in the world economy, other nations depend on her for their economic development and this consequently raises the economic interests she has with other countries.

Contemporary Business Communication and One Language Policy in Busines Essay

Contemporary Business Communication and One Language Policy in Business - Essay Example In this article, Neeley highlights the benefits of adopting a language with a global appeal like English as the official mode of communication for multinationals with cross-border operations. By using different languages depending on the country of operation, multinationals like Samsung would adopt English in the united states and the united kingdom, Spanish in Spain and the southern American and Caribbean states, French in France and its former colonies in Africa and Latin America among other languages. This leads to complication and lack of uniform operation and mode of communicating important policy issues from the head office which uses Korean as the official language (Fredriksson, Barner & Piekkari, 2006). Multilingualism may be viewed as an approach to eliminating the challenges of communication barriers facing multinationals but its application in the entire organization affects the communication process and creates confusion. This lays the ground for policy misinterpretation and lack of effective unit management and coherence with the head office. In this paper, the sentiments of Neeley (2012) will be discussed in relation to the current use of English in multinationals operating in predominantly non-English countries. According to Neeley (2012), the adoption of a common communication mode is more than just being a good idea for organizations with domestic operations in the United States with international target market or companies in France intending to tap on the domestic market. The use of different languages in an organization affects the operation of the multinationals and constitutes to the inefficient management approaches. Organizations today exist as interactive places where communication is key to the success of the approaches adopted. Managers and supervisors of  multinationals coordinate the task of employees based in different countries whose language may not be common to the supervisors. A number of factors have been attributed to the current emergence of English as a common communication language in multinationals across the globe (Bell, 2011).  

The Promotional Role of Commercial Banks in Economic Development in Essay

The Promotional Role of Commercial Banks in Economic Development in Oman - Essay Example The paper tells that there has been favorable progress made towards developing economic well being of the people worldwide. However, there has not been a significant development realized in Oman in various fields. However, it has been realized that commercial banks can significantly boost the level of development in Oman. This can be realized through promoting its operations. This paper is set to explore the subject of promoting the role of commercial banks in the economic development of Oman. In this case, the paper is set to achieve various research objectives among them are finding out the role of commercial banks in developing the economy of Oman, and identifying the functions of commercial banks in Oman. With a view to realizing the objectives set above, the following research questions shall be of prime importance. First, what is the promotion role of commercial banks in developing Oman’s economy? Secondly, what are the advantages of commercial banks? Thirdly, what is th e relationship between commercial banks and the development of Oman’s economy? Last but not least what is the contribution of Oman’s banks in the development of the economy? Future Plans For a follow-up plan, a study shall be conducted and shall involve collecting of primary data. The collection of primary data will be done using a questionnaire. Both quantitative data and qualitative data will be collected from selected commercial banks. Questionnaires will be randomly administered to the chosen participants and will be carried out one by one. After this process, data shall be analyzed through coding first and then later through triangulation of the coded data. Descriptive techniques such as tables, charts, percentages, and charts will then be used to present the analyzed data. Secondary data will also be used in the analysis of the promotion role of commercial banks in economic development, and make a comparison with already conducted studies on the same topic. The f inal process shall involve discussing the findings. In this case, obtained results will be compared with given theories in the literature. This will give the researcher an insight concerning the contribution of commercial banks to Oman’s economy. Last but not least, recommendations shall about the study shall be

Public International Law Academic year 2010-2011 PROBLEM QUESTION Essay

Public International Law Academic year 2010-2011 PROBLEM QUESTION - Essay Example For one thing, this treaty came into force in the year 2000, that is, after the date of enforcement of Vienna Convention on January 27, 1980. Besides, it is also a written covenant and belongs to the genre of multilateral treaty having four different countries, A, B, C and D as signatories, whose governments would have, on the date of affirmation of contractual agreement in year 2000, agreed to be bound by the provisions of this economic covenant among these four countries for furthering mutual co-operation and accord. However, one aspect of this multilateral agreement stands out like a sore thumb, which is the aspect of peremptory norm. It is seen that under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, any covenant that is in direct confrontation with a peremptory law is void ab initio. However, it does delineate that the rule of force or coercion for gaining consent for multilateral treaties is not permissible. This aspect is also in direct conflict with the spirit of United Nations Organisation UNO) which prohibits the use of force or coercion in reaching global accords and contracts. In this case, it is believed that State D has decided to terminate its participation in the treaty, claiming that its ratification of the 2000 treaty was gained through coercion by the threat of economic sanctions by states A, B, and C. In the event that this contention is true, the agreement becomes void and in direct violation of Article 52 of Vienna Convention 1968, which states that â€Å"A treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations.† (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 18). However, it would be incumbent upon State D to prove that coercion has indeed taken place. However, the present government in State D

Attack on elements of society Essay Example for Free

Attack on elements of society Essay The Crucible is set in a puritan town in New England, Salem Massachusetts. The girls are caught dancing by the Reverend Parris the parish minister. This then start of a witch-hunt, which gets the town talking. People that are innocent are accused and the term name names or else is being used by the courts. The innocent people of Salem get accused, and punished. This is an allegory of McCarthyism because this is what happened in the trials in 1950s, society was shattered by a rumour and fingers were pointed at innocent people. Its also an allegory of McCarthyism because it shows the court officials being unfair and unjust, just how they were in The Crucible. The first way in which the setting of Act 3 can be interpreted as an attack on the severity of the authorities in Salem and 1950s America is shown through the stage directions Arthur Miller presents us with. Firstly uses the adjectives forbidding, empty and solemn to describe the room on the stage. The effect this has on the audience is curiosity and concern and this builds up a sense of tension within the audience. Also while we see all of this there is silence. In drama, silence is more powerful then words of actions. The silence and appearance surrounding the stage would build up a very strong sense of tension within the audience. Another reason for silence maybe that Miller wants to convey the presence of or the sign of evil in the court and probably that something is wrong, not right, or something bad is going to happen. The other way Arthur Miller has an impact on the audience is by using symbolism and imagery. In the opening of act 3 Arthur Miller has two high windows. This makes the room sound very familiar to a prison cell and again a prison cell is where you dont want to be and maybe Millers trying to sat that the courts were like a prison. Also not forgetting the sunlight pouring through. Back in the days traditionally sunlight was meant to be good luck and also it was meant to be the representative of God and truth. This can have a great effect on the audience because it gets them thinking and into the mood, and that the current problems surrounding Salem arent going to get any better but maybe worse. Again this an attack on the elements of society because it shows that the court was a place where people werent treated fairly in the 1950s and that the authorities in America were harsh and wanted people to get into all sorts of problems and trouble and this is what exactly Arthur Miller went through and trying to get across by writing The Crucible. The second way that Act 3 can be interpreted as an attack on the severity of the authorities in Salem is by Millers exposure of the characters in The Crucible. The way they dress and act. In the actual film most of the men are seen wearing black clothes, this may put forward that Salem is a holy religious society and believe very strongly in Christianity. If you take Judge Danforth, he adopts a blinkered attitude and refuses to use common sense and logic in dealing with these cases. His exact loyalty blinds him from the truth and if he believe that the people accused were with God and announced them innocent he would be accusing the girls of lying, and also fact that he is too worried of calling of the witch trials because what would the people of Salem think of him and the fact that is reputation is at stake. This can be interpreted as an attack on elements of society because it shows that even the authorities in this case the Judge arent always fair even if they are people of high authority or religious. This is how Arthur Miller got his point across that the authorities of America in the 1950s were unfair and unjust and wanted to put down as many people as possible, on the whole the authorities were very harsh and severe on punishments. The third way in which the setting of act 3 can be interpreted as an attack on the severity of the authorities in Salem and 1950s America is by the language Arthur Miller has used in the opening lines in the scene. Judge Hathorne asks Martha Corey if she denies being a witch. Martha Corey claims she knows not what a witch is, to which he replies, how do you know then that you are not a witch. We see Hathornes question after question on Martha Corey gets her paranoid and the pressure is huge on her, to come up with the answers quickly but if she takes too long she maybe considered more of a witch and therefore this sets the mood and tone for the scene. Its as if Judge Hathorns trying to possibly trick into saying that shes a witch rather then finding out the exact truth.

Health Promotion Among Retirees

Health Promotion Among Retirees The purpose of this report is to investigate the general area of life after employment for the older person. The main focus of the report is on preparation for retirement for the older person as well as the specific services that are available to older people such as lifelong learning, education and leisure. INTRODUCTION As little as 10 years ago if you asked a 25 year old if they have a plan for retirement they would probably respond with â€Å"no, retirement is for old people – I’m only 25†. The reality is that we should be planning for retirement from the first day we start work. With Ireland’s increasing strength in the workforce and our impending numbers of people retiring within the next 30 years it has become a national standard to introduce schemes for people to plan their retirement. In the past people who never even thought of retirement until the year it was upon them have had very negative effects. In order to soften the blow from being active workers with a routine, a purpose, personal connections and a strong sense of self-worth trying to fall into the category of a permanent holiday seems great at first but as time passes by the holiday feeling ends and the empty useless feeling sets in. This in turn leads to numerous personal problems such as, financial, so cial, and physical and health. (Businessworld.ie, 2015), (ncaop.ie,2014), (cso.ie,2014). In the past carers predominantly come in contact with retirees who are no longer working as they have either retired due to ill health or have retired – unprepared and unable to psychologically cope with the situation – and have failed in some way to care for themselves. To this end the carer’s role is to work as part of a multi-disciplinary team including family members of the retiree to assist them with their activities of daily living in their home or in a care home setting. Carers of people in their home have found that they have become a major support in more ways than one – guiding clients through various options in order to alleviate depression – such as information on joining groups for retired people to organising their will. Carers are now able to support and promote a more positive attitude to retirement with the help of organisations – such as The Pensions Authority, Active Retirement Ireland, Citizens Information and the Retireme nt Planning Council and Age Action Ireland to name but a few. Irish people can now be completely prepared for retirement from the day they start work. These organisations have opened a whole new world of opportunities for retired people giving them access to copious amounts of information that will service their needs such as Age Action Ireland who will meet individuals and groups who wish to continue their education through the Lifelong Learning Programme in Colleges and Universities and the local Active Retirement Groups who hold regular meetings for members so they can socially interact and support each other through various activities which include sporting activities, outings, foreign travel and educational courses and interaction programmes which are run in conjunction with local youth groups and schools. These organisations have helped to remove the age old stigma attached to retirement and converted it to be now seen as life experienced people helping future generations; whi ch in turn allows young people to be mentored by retirees and they generally no longer see them as old – removing the age barrier. (ncaop.ie,2014), The Health Service Executive provides many supports for older people such as Primary Care, Social Workers and Home Care. Other non-governmental bodies also provide health promotion for older people ie, local leisure centres, G.A.A, ICA, Macra Na Feirme and Charity and Voluntary bodies. The Primary Care team provide many services for older people from health screening to occupational therapy and chiropody both in a client’s home and at local health care centres. Older people are encouraged – by family members, carers and medical staff to attend the centres as they not only provide basic healthcare facilities and counselling but also a point of support and encouragement for those who may be fearful of seeking further medical attention or may not realise that they need assistance with their activities of daily living. There are also many therapeutic interventions such as cognitive behaviour therapy which has proven to help alleviate depression and anxiety in older people which in turn enables retirees to better cope with their current situation. Pre-retirement courses are also an excellent way for people to be prepared for their retirement through their courses people have all the necessary available tools and information to retire with very little stress and have connections made with groups and associations that can enhance their quality of life after employment. (Beck and Beck, 2011) The change in the make-up of the Irish population has had an immense impact on our views of retirement and how older adults are treated. Various other cultures hold their elders in the highest regard and are rewarded for a lifetime of work – their families take over caring for them and they continue their retirement in comfort knowing that all their needs are completely taken care of. It is the influence of cultures such as these that Ireland has now began to adapt its views towards retirement and older adults enabling people to have a more positive feeling towards retirement rather than fear of loneliness and desperation. (Aranda and Knight, 1997) Some people retire before the national age for retirement of 65 not only due to illness but because they may feel they are financially stable enough to give up work – or reduce their hours of work through a phased retirement scheme with their current employer. These people still want to be active members of their family and community and as such families should be encouraged to help them with their decisions and help to keep them from becoming depressed through allowing them to help with their lives – ie child-minding, arranging family outings and holidays, giving advice to them on financial and other dilemmas – this will help to keep a retirees sense of self worth which will prevent illness and depression. For people who have retired as they are over the age limit – families can help support them in their new lives, visiting them often, encouraging them to join groups and associations and if they are not able to travel to the group meetings or outings etc , organise travel for them ensuring they are able to attend the meetings etc. If they are a member of an association, families should attend any shows or activities that they are involved in and express an interest in what they are doing. Younger family members should also be encouraged to accompany them on outings and also help them with chores around the house and do odd jobs for them. This helps with feelings of depression and loneliness as older adults will chat away to younger people telling them stories and advising them on various aspects of their lives. CONCLUSION Before starting this assignment I did not consider that I will be retiring one day and did not realise the effects it can have on my life both psychologically and physically. Through the course of my research I have found that many people who have not been prepared for retirement have a lower mortality rate that people who have a fully operational retirement plan. I am going to make sure I am fully prepared for retirement and during my interviews with members of the various local groups around Mountmellick and Portlaoise I have a good understanding of the groups I would like to join and currently become active in with. There is a wide variety of information available to people who wish to prepare for retirement and who are currently retired and I now feel as a carer I will be able to help my clients with their needs and have a good understanding of the processes involved in post-employment life to be able to support them with their needs and wishes. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/psychotherapy.aspx http://www.irishtraining.ie/general/preparing_for_your_retirement.html http://www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/94_AFS_Conf_Procs.pdf http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/342.short http://www.thehealthwell.info/node/10467?source=relatedblockcontent=resourcemember=416catalogue=nonecollection=nonetokens_complete=true http://www.laois.ie/YourCouncil/Publications/CommunityampEnterprise/FileDownload,1877,en.pdf http://www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/67_OP_Prefs_Emp_Ret.pdf http://www.ageandopportunity.ie/ https://books.google.ie/books?id=RdmZAgAAQBAJpg=PA31lpg=PA31dq=care+of+the+confused+client+assignmentsource=blots=i_PM5i6OxWsig=uHvkwWPwpJgfTXCQmJuwuul10Zwhl=ensa=Xei=ubOiVPC9JvGt7Abi84CQDwved=0CDIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepageq=care of the confused client assignmentf=false http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/342.full.pdf http://www.annalsoflongtermcare.com/article/4786 http://consultgerirn.org/topics/ethnogeriatrics_and_cultural_competence_for_nursing_practice/want_to_know_more http://www.adultmeducation.com/socialandeconomicfactors_4.html http://www.activeirl.ie/ http://www.hse.ie REFERENCES BOOKS Beck, J. and Beck, J. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy. New York: Guilford Press. EBOOK/PDF Healthcare.uiowa.edu, (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/icmh/evidence/documents/EBPOlderAdults.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. NCAOP.IE, (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/94_AFS_Conf_Procs.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. JOURNAL ARTICLES Aranda, M. and Knight, B. (1997). The Influence of Ethnicity and Culture on the Caregiver Stress and Coping Process: A Sociocultural Review and Analysis. The Gerontologist, 37(3), pp.342-354. WEBSITES Currentpsychiatry.com, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.currentpsychiatry.com/home/article/how-to-adapt-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-older-adults/99ca3dc03cddedc62b20b672dcc4e56c.html [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. The Pensions Board, (2015). Welcome to the Pensions Authority. [online] Available at: http://www.pensionsauthority.ie/en/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. Rpc.ie, (2015). Retirement Planning Council of Ireland – Why Plan. [online] Available at: http://www.rpc.ie/why-plan/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. FETAC Level 5 Healthcare Support 5M4339 Page 1 of 10Sabrina Delaney

Alcohol and the Family Essay -- Alcoholism Drinking Essays Research Pa

Alcohol and the Family    In the United States alone, there are 28 million children of alcoholics - seven million of these children are under the age of eighteen.     Every day, these children experience the horrors of living with an alcoholic parent. 40%-50% of children of alcoholics grow up and become alcoholics themselves. Others develop eating disorders or become workaholics. Children of alcoholics receive mixed messages, inconsistency, upredictability, betrayal, and sometimes physical and sexual abuse from their parents. They are made to grow up too fast because they must help keep the family structure together by doing housework and taking care of siblings since the alcoholic is not doing his or her part. Children form roles that they play to help disguise the disease. The roles help distract people from seeing the real problem and serve to protect the family so it can continue to function. There are five roles that the family members will take on-- the enabler, the hero, the scapegoat, the lost chi ld, and the mascot. The enabler is usually the spouse or the parent of the alcoholic. He takes on the normal duties that the alcoholic would normally carry out such as cleaning the house, taking care of the children, or even something as simple as walking the dog. The enabler also makes excuses for the alcoholic. He may call his wife's boss and tell him she is sick when really she is home with a hang-over. Or he might explain to a neighbor that the living room lamp broke because the two-year-old accidentally knocked it off the table when in reality it was thrown across the room in a drunken fit. This act of covering up does nothing but harm the family in the end. The enabler is making excuses and lying to hide the true act... ...out the affects alcoholism has on the family, one may think that it is a life full of endless turmoil. There is help out there, though, which should begin in the school system. Schools need to educate kids about alcohol abuse and establish an ongoing trusting relationship with kids who need help. The children aren not to blame for the actions of their parents and they need someone to help them understand that it's not their fault and they can break the cycle. This way the children will know that they have at least one person they can turn to for help and that they aren't alone. Bibliography: 1. Children of Alcoholism, Barbara L. Wood, New York University Press, 1987 2. Working with Children of Alcoholics, Bryan E. Robinson, Lexington Books, 1989 3. Substance Abuse Treatment: A Family Systems Perspective, Edith M. Freeman, Sage Publications, 1993

Free Siddhartha Essays: Significance of the River :: Hesse Siddhartha Essays

The Significance of the River in Siddhartha In the book Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse the significance of the river is displayed throughout the experiences that Siddhartha has next to the river and the things that by listening to the sound he comes to understand. Siddhartha is learning something from the moment he rides the ferry to the time when Govinda lays on the ground with tears flowing uncontrollably. Siddhartha admits to having no money to pay for the voyage, but the Ferryman says that friendship is payment enough, and takes him into town. After leaving town, Siddhartha returns to the river where had met the Ferryman earlier. Intrigued by the river's beauty and silent wisdom, Siddhartha decides to stay by the river. Siddhartha soon meets the Ferryman Vasuveda, the same man who took him across the river earlier. Siddhartha offers to be Vasuveda's apprentice, an offer that the Ferryman graciously accepts. The two grow together as Siddhartha begins to learn the river's wisdom, and soon Siddhartha begins to emulate Vasuveda's demeanor, expressing a contented peace in the routine of daily life. Years pass. One day, the two Ferrymen hear that the Buddha is dying. Kamala, on hearing the news as well, travels with her son to be near Goatama. As she passes near the river, she is bitten by a snake and dies, but not before Vasuveda takes her to Siddhartha. After Kamala dies, Siddhartha keeps his son with him by the river. The boy, though, refuses to accept Siddhartha as his father and consequently does nothing he is told. Many months pass, but the boy remains intransigent. Eventually the boy runs away. Vasuveda tells Siddhartha to let him go, but Siddhartha follows him. Upon reaching the town, Siddhartha recalls his own experiences there and admits to himself what he knew all along, that he could not help the boy. Siddhartha feels a great sorrow at this loss, and the happiness he had known as a Ferryman leaves him. Vasuveda soon arrives and leads the despondent Siddhartha to back to the river. The pain of losing his son was long lasting for Siddhartha. It enabled him, however, to identify with ordinary people more than ever before. Though Siddhartha was beginning to understand what wisdom really is, the thought of son did not leave him. One day he sets off in search of his son, but stops as he heard the river laughing at him. Free Siddhartha Essays: Significance of the River :: Hesse Siddhartha Essays The Significance of the River in Siddhartha In the book Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse the significance of the river is displayed throughout the experiences that Siddhartha has next to the river and the things that by listening to the sound he comes to understand. Siddhartha is learning something from the moment he rides the ferry to the time when Govinda lays on the ground with tears flowing uncontrollably. Siddhartha admits to having no money to pay for the voyage, but the Ferryman says that friendship is payment enough, and takes him into town. After leaving town, Siddhartha returns to the river where had met the Ferryman earlier. Intrigued by the river's beauty and silent wisdom, Siddhartha decides to stay by the river. Siddhartha soon meets the Ferryman Vasuveda, the same man who took him across the river earlier. Siddhartha offers to be Vasuveda's apprentice, an offer that the Ferryman graciously accepts. The two grow together as Siddhartha begins to learn the river's wisdom, and soon Siddhartha begins to emulate Vasuveda's demeanor, expressing a contented peace in the routine of daily life. Years pass. One day, the two Ferrymen hear that the Buddha is dying. Kamala, on hearing the news as well, travels with her son to be near Goatama. As she passes near the river, she is bitten by a snake and dies, but not before Vasuveda takes her to Siddhartha. After Kamala dies, Siddhartha keeps his son with him by the river. The boy, though, refuses to accept Siddhartha as his father and consequently does nothing he is told. Many months pass, but the boy remains intransigent. Eventually the boy runs away. Vasuveda tells Siddhartha to let him go, but Siddhartha follows him. Upon reaching the town, Siddhartha recalls his own experiences there and admits to himself what he knew all along, that he could not help the boy. Siddhartha feels a great sorrow at this loss, and the happiness he had known as a Ferryman leaves him. Vasuveda soon arrives and leads the despondent Siddhartha to back to the river. The pain of losing his son was long lasting for Siddhartha. It enabled him, however, to identify with ordinary people more than ever before. Though Siddhartha was beginning to understand what wisdom really is, the thought of son did not leave him. One day he sets off in search of his son, but stops as he heard the river laughing at him.

Philosophy Educating Humanity? :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Philosophy Educating Humanity? ABSTRACT: Over two millennia of Western philosophy has not yet contributed much to the education of humanity. Philosophy has almost always been the exclusive domain of a small group of men. This elite character makes the assumption that philosophy could contribute to the education of human beings towards humanity — a humanity of human rights — improbable. If we want to educate human beings towards humanity, we will first have to teach them a sense of responsibility. The power of persuasion needed in order to teach such a sense of responsibility requires that we demonstrate our involvement in and co-responsibility for their concrete problems by presenting clear analyses of these problems and by setting a good example wherever possible. One of the most universal and concrete problems of life is the issue of procreation. As regards this issue, however, philosophers have failed miserably: they themselves have often exhibited irresponsible procreation and have, in fact, only recently begun to consider the issue a subject for philosophy. I will try to analyze when a decision to procreate or abort may be called responsible and whether and to what extent the applications of modern techniques such as in vitro fertilization are in line with our views of human rights. Two and a half thousand years of Western philosophy have not yet contributed much to the education of humanity. Philosophy has always been the almost exclusive domain of a small group of men, conversing in esoteric language on the most abstract of subjects, without being much concerned about the needs of the ordinary people around them. This elitism undermines the assumption that philosophy could contribute to the education of humanity as a whole, and it makes the assumption that it could contribute to the education of human beings towards humanity — a humanity of human rights — entirely improbable. If we want to educate human beings towards humanity we will first have to teach them a sense of responsibility: the awareness that each is responsible for his or her own actions and the consequences which can be expected to ensue, together with the awareness that a person’s rights and freedoms may not encroach upon the corresponding rights and freedoms of another. The power of persuasion needed in order to teach such a sense of responsibility requires that we demonstrate our involvement in and co-responsibility for their concrete problems, by presenting clear analyses of these problems and by setting a good example wherever possible.

Business Managing financial resources and decisions Essay

Introduction Mrs. Jessica Bell wants to setup her own company which will provide accounting and consultancy solutions. She has collected other necessary information and other aspects are also easily available to her. The name of the company is JAC SOLUTIONS. The company needs $800000 to bear the cost of establishment, working capital and seed capital. She already has 200000 pounds and needs to get 600000 pounds through sources of long term and short term finance. We need to analyze different sources of finances that can eb taken to consideration for bearing the cost of working capital, seed capital and establishment costs. We also need to determine the implications and related advantages and disadvantages of the sources of finance. Apart from this, Mrs. Jessica Bell wants to purchase a property of 350000 pounds for the business purpose and for this she is considering a long term loan for 12 years and a mortgage of 25 years. She has 70000 pounds for initial deposit for the property. Now we need to calculate and analyze that which one will better option for her for buying the property. Apart from this she needs to understand the meaning and importance of financial planning and the information that are needed about a business by the investors and shareholders. We also need to describe the different types of budgets and the importance of budget analysis in decision making process. we will also analyze the financial statements of a profit making organisation. Question P1 Four sources of finances that are available to JAC SOLUTIONS She can consider some sources of finances as discussed below- Venture capital Venture capital funds support growing firms during their inception stages and before they are going for initial public offerings of shares. Firm will get venture capital as a form of equity capital. It represents a highly risky investment in the hope of earning higher return in future. It typically invests into equity or quasi equity instruments in financial market which will be able to share the risk and profit of the investee firm. Venture capitalist not only invests in the new company but also guides the firm actively in taking major decisions. Financial burden of the assisted firm tends to be low. Venture capitalist normally close it position by liquidating the investment from the assisted firm after 7 years. (Chandra, 2011, p.436). Bank Loan Personal or commercial loans from banks and financial institutions are one of the most popular forms of financing. It includes long term and short term loans. Long term loans are useful to finance fixed assets and large expenses like buildings, property and machinery. Short term loans are having duration of one year or less. These are mainly helpful for to pay day to day business expenses like payroll, inventory or any urgent requirements. Private Equity Private equity has become an integral part of the financial services industry in the world in last two decades for funding in small new business. Private equity companies are those which have their own pools of capital invested by different institutions or high net worth individuals and run by such managers who have deep knowledge in financial market linked to the performance of the funds. Private equity companies have their own set of written agreements upon which they judge the investee companies. They also participate in board meetings and can take managerial decisions (Chandra, 2011, p.437). Small Business Administration SBA helps to facilitate loan for a new business venture through a third party lender. It provides various types of financial assistance for the business which are effective and are designed to meet key needs. It includes debt financing, bonds, equity financing. In case of debt financing, SBA does not provide loans directly to the business. But it sets the guidelines for the requirement and then it is lent by lenders, micro lending institutions etc. guarantee of the loan is given by the SBA. Thus a SBA loan is similar to a commercial loan for a business (SBA, 2013). Question P2 Implications of Venture Capital Venture capital is one of the important sources of finance. If an entrepreneur decides toi take the help0 to raise finance for his/her business then he/she may go to the venture capitalists. In this case, the entrepreneur needs not to worry about the finance, the venture capital organisation will look after it but the venture capital firm will also take part in the managerial decisions of the organisation. Advantages and disadvantages of sources of Finance Pros and Cons of Venture Capital Financing The main advantage of venture capital financing is the venture capitalists gamble on the new company. If the new succeeds they earn high rate of return but if the new idea fails then they absorb their losses. If the business fails the new firm won’t have any burden on them. Beside this venture capital also help to grow business quickly. As the venture capitalists have a share in the new business, thus it’s also their interest to improve the network of the business with rich investors who might become more profitable for the business (Cetindamar, 2003, pp. 29-30). There are also some disadvantages of venture capital financing. Venture capitalist owns a large portion of stake in the new company. Although the new company need not to repay the money of the investors but it has some limitations. Venture capitalist invests his money in exchange of shares of the company. This reduces the number of shares in the hand of the founder of the company. Implications of Bank Loan Bank loan can be taken to generate additional finance for the organisation. The implications of bank loan are that it can be arranged against some securities and the borrower needs to pay a fixed rate of interest. The bank will not interfere in any of the managerial decisions. Pros and Cons of Bank Loans The advantages of bank loan are that bank loans are cheap than equity financing and incase of bank loans the bank does not interfere in the managerial decisions of the company. The disadvantage of is that it carries interest which should be refund with the principle amount in a specific duration of time. If the company is unable to repay it within stipulated time period then the bank can overtake the assets of the company which may leads to bankruptcy. Implications of Private Equity The implications of private equity are quite similar with the implications of venture capital. The implications of private equity are that this helps to get additional finance and take the responsibilities of the business and help to take appropriate decisions. Pros and Cons of Private Equity The main importance of private equity investment is that it involves introducing a new partner to the business that will share the responsibilities of the business and help in the managerial decisions. It also helps the business to raise equity at higher price and private equity firms also the help the new company by bringing additional skills and new business networks that will be more profitable for the new company (Benjamin, 2000, p.27). Private equity firm also has some kind of limitations. The promoter of the new company is accountable to the private equity firm for any kind of major decisions. Implications of SBA The implications of SBA are that it helps to get third party loan like bank loans easily. Pros and Cons of SBA The main important advantage of an SBA is that if the company treats the SBA loan properly then its chance of getting bank loan gets easy. It also has some disadvantages like it doesn’t invest directly in the new business. Question P3 Sources of finances for buying the property Mrs. Bell wants to a buy a property of 350000 pounds and she has 70000 pounds in her hand for initial deposit which is 20% of the property. Thus she needs to get funding for 280000 pounds. Long term loan Long term loans are useful for buying property and these are for generally more than 12 months. In this case Mrs. Bell wants to take a long term loan of 280000 pounds for 12 years. In UK the current rate of interest is near about 6% for long term loans (Money.co.uk, 2014). Mortgage Mortgage is a debt instrument which is secured by a specific real estate property and the borrower of the mortgage is bound to pay back the principle with interest rate within a time period. It is used to buy large amount of real estate. In UK the current rate of mortgage is 6% and here the duration of mortgage will be 25 years. Question P4 Borrowed Amount 280000 280000 Total Interest Payment 336000 700000 Total repayment 616000 980000 Total month 144 300 Monthly installment  £ 4,278  £ 3,267 The cost of the long term loan will be 4,278 pounds per month and total interest will paid of 336000 pounds. The cost of the mortgage will be 3,267 pounds per month. Total interest will be 700000 pounds. Thus we can see that the monthly interest of long term loan is higher than the mortgage payment but we should consider that in case of mortgage payment we need to pay more amount of total interest along with the principle amount than the long term loan. But for a starting business it will be better to pay less  monthly installment because it is not sure about how money it will be able to earn in the beginning. Thus mortgage payment method should be chosen as the interest payment will be less. Question P5 Financial planning can be defined as calculating about expected expenses and revenues for the coming financial year. Financial planning is necessary for a business organization to conduct the business activity in a smooth way. Importance Financial planning is important because it states about the probable necessary income and expenditures which will help to earn profit for the business organization. Financial planning includes budgeting method in which managers prepare a budget about upcoming income and expenses that the company has to taken care of. It helps us to set up a sales target and goals for production process. Cash budget states about the future cash receipts and payments for a specific period. It typically takes into account a period in the nearest future. The cash budget helps the business to decide when revenues will be sufficient to cover expenditures and when the organization will need to look for outside financing. It is done monthly to look after the liquidity position of the company. Thus if cash budget has surplus amount of cash then it can be said that the company is well going by fulfilling the revenue target within the budgeted expenditures. Question P6 Financial statements provide financial information to the investors and creditors regarding financial performance of the company. Analysis of financial statements helps the managers to make decisions by understanding the financial condition of the company (Wild, 2006, pp.12-15). For instance, the creditors and banks (capital providers) are generally interested in the safety and profitability of their investment. The balance sheet of the company gives them an idea about where their money was invested by providing detailed information about the assets of company. Shareholders’ equity shown in the balance sheet is important for making decision making because it shows the changes in various equity components including retained earnings. The total net-worth of the company is the sum of retained earnings and shareholders’ equity. Growth in shareholders’ equity by increasing retained  earnings implies accumulated investment returns (Swart, 2004, pp.300-302). Question P7 If the shareholders of this business choose to include debt capital to finance this project then it is very important for the business to have healthy financial statements. Since debt capital is a fixed obligation that requires regular repayment of interest along with principal. The business will have to pay regular interest on outstanding capital even if it incurs losses and has to liquidate assets. If the business is not able to earn more than its cost of capital then the net-worth of the investors will turn negative and business will be a failure. The most important impact of sources of finance on financial statements arises from sale of assets and loan. The impact of loan on financial statements include reduction in net profit due to servicing of interest rate liability; higher provisions for doubtful debts; and increase in liabilities along with increase in assets where funds were employed. The sale of asset helps organizations to realize cash immediately. This strategy is gener ally employed when the organization is unable to generate sufficient cash from core operations. Question P8 Sales budget- It is constructed to estimate the future sales and it can be broken into currency and units. It is used to set a target for sales goals for the company. Production budget- It estimates the number of uni8ts of output which should be produced to meet the sales target. It also states about various costs that are involved in the manufacturing process. Material budget Material budget is constructed after calculating the production requirements after preparing the production budget. It includes cost and amount of raw materials that is needed to conduct the production. Labour budget It is used to calculate the labor hours which will be needed to produce the required amount of output. Cash Budget It is an expectation of future cash receipts and consumptions for a specific  time period. It typically takes into account a period in the nearest future. The cash budget helps the business to decide when revenues will be sufficient to cover expenditures and when the organization will need to look for outside financing. Master budget The master budget is a one-year budget arranging record for the firm incorporating all different budgets. It matches with the financial year of the firm and may be broken down into quarters and, further, into months. On the off chance that the firm plans for the master budget to make continuous record, moving from year to year, then ordinarily a month is added to the end of the budget to encourage arranging. This is also known as continuous budgeting. How budget analysis is useful to make appropriate decision Budget Analysis is very much helpful in making appropriate decisions. Budget helps the organization to decide about the necessary cost and sales target to fulfill. With the help of a budget, management can take proper decisions about the performance of the employees in meeting the target. Budget also helps to determine the efficiency of the managers in fulfilling the target work (The Times 100, 2014). Here we can take example of cash budget. Cash budget is very much necessary as it makes us understand about the situation of cash flow in the company. It is constructed by deducting all the expenses from the sources of cash income. It is done monthly to look after the liquidity position of the company. Thus if cash budget has surplus amount of cash then it can be said that the company is well going by fulfilling the sales goal within limited expenditures. Question P11 All profit making organization conducts some transactions everyday which has to be recorded in respective accounts so as to ascertain and reflect the true position of financial resources. Here we have taken the example of Tesco as the profit making Organization to describe the main financial statements (see appendix). The income statement of Tesco shows the total revenue of 64826 million pounds. It has gross profit of 4584 million pounds and operating income of 3074 million pounds. The company has earned 124 million pounds as net profit for the financial year 2013. From the balance  sheet of the company we can see that the total current asset is 13096 million pounds and total current liabilities are 18985 million pounds. The total asset is 50129 million pounds. The total liabilities and equity is 50129 pounds (Bloomberg, 2014). The Profit and Loss account provides information regarding total revenues, cost of sales, and gross profit. The gross profit is amount of money generated by the firm from direct sale of goods and services to customers which takes into account the direct cost of production (like cost of raw materials, labors, overheads, etc.). It also provides administrative and operating expenses and profit. The net profit for the period is shown in the reserves and surplus section of balance sheet. Without the P&L account it will not be possible for organizations to analyze true position of business on particular date. The balance sheet reflects the true financial position of firm by showing the total assets, liabilities and equity capital of the promoters. The assets and liabilities are also classified according to time period (long-term or short-term). Long-term or fixed assets include land, machinery, furniture, etc. and long-term liabilities include term loans, debentures, etc.; short-term assets are cash, bills receivables, inventory, etc. The assets are financial resources owned by profit making firm whereas liabilities are resources owed by firm to internal and external stakeholders. The total assets should always be equal to total liabilities and owners’ equity capital. This is because liabilities are sources of fund and assets are application of funds implying that theoretically they should be equal (Gallagher and Andrew, 2007, pp.62-68). Conclusion From the above study we can see that there are different types of sources of finances available to Mrs. Bell like venture capital, private equity, bank loan and small business administration. Depending upon the implications and the related advantages and disadvantages she probably choose bank loan as the source of her necessary finance. We have also seen the meaning and importance of financial planning and how information related to financial statements are helpful to the investors, shareholders and employees of the organisation. Apart from this, cash budget is also very much essential for managers to take important decision regarding the current position of the company. Thus from the above study it can be concluded that to take any  important decision in an organisation we need to analyze each and every aspect of the organisation and the financial position of the organisation. References Chandra. P., 2011. Financial Management. India: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. SBA, 2013, What SBA Offers to Help Small Businesses Grow. [online]. Available at: http://www.sba.gov/content/what-sba-offers-help-small-businesses-grow. [Accessed on: March 31, 2014]. Cetindamar, D., 2003. The Growth of Venture Capital: A Cross-cultural Comparison. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. Benjamin, G., 2000. Angel Financing: How to Find and Invest in Private Equity. USA: John Wiley & Sons. Gallagher, T. J. and Andrew, J. D., 2007. Financial Management: Principles and Practice. 4. United States: Pearson Education, Inc. Swart, N., 2004. Personal Financial Management. 2. New Delhi: Juta and Company Ltd. Wild, J. J., 2006. Financial Statement Analysis. 9. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. The Times 100., 2014. Budgeting and cash flow. [Online]. Available at: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/finance/budgeting-and-cash-flow.html#axzz2xXcthI5I. [Accessed on: March 31, 2 014]. Money.co.uk., 2014. Compare Secured Loans. [Online]. Available at: http://www.money.co.uk/loans/secured-loans.htm. [Accessed on: March 31, 2014]. Bloomberg., 2014. Tesco Plc (TSCO:London Stock Exchange). [Online]. Available at: http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=TSCO:LN. [Accessed on:4/5/2014]. Bibliography Landstrom, E., 2012. Handbook of Research on Venture Capital. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Chandra. P., 2009. Projects 7/E. India: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Brigham, E., 2013. Financial Management: Theory & Practice. Cengage Learning Cendrowski, H., et al., 2012. Private Equity: History, Governance, and Operations. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Bartzokas, A., 2004. Financial Systems, Corporate Investment in Innovation. and Venture Capital. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Metrick, A., 2011. Venture Capital and the Finance of Innovation. USA: John Wiley and Sons.

International Trade and Finance Speech Essay

Introduction Today I would like to discuss, with you, the current state of the U.S. macro economy. I will attempt to simply address concepts and terms which focus on international trade and foreign exchange rates. Much of the discussion will focus around the surplus of imports brought into the U.S., and the impact it has on the U.S. businesses and consumers involved. I will also describe the effects of the international trade to GDP, domestic markets, and university students. It is important to understand how the government’s choices, in regards to tariffs and quotas, affect international relations and trade; so I will describe the interactive relationship in regards to tariffs and quotas, and how the government’s choices affect international relations and trade. We will also understand how foreign exchange rates are determined, and identify the reasons the U.S. does not restrict goods from China and minimize imports from other countries. Imports in the U.S. The U.S. imports many goods from various countries around the globe; and the trading of these goods plays an important role in the stability of economic growth for the U.S. The U.S. imports goods or products from other countries such as China; and if the U.S. has a surplus of imports it means there is an increase in the trade deficit, which is not good for the U.S. because trade deficits usually increase unemployment. Examples of products with an import surplus in the U.S. are China’s auto-parts. The U.S. auto-parts industry is at risk of lost jobs because of the rapid growth of auto-parts imported from China. The Chinese government unfairly subsidizes and trades auto-parts to the U.S.; which in return jeopardizes jobs related to the auto-parts industry in the U.S. Exports from the U.S. support jobs, but imports supplant production which would otherwise support U.S. employment. The U.S. auto-parts trade deficit increased from $9.5 billion in the year 2000 to $31.2 billion in the year 2010. During the year 2010, China’s exports of auto-parts exceeded their imports of U.S. products by 725 percent. The impact of this discrepancy between the two countries forces consumers and businesses, in the U.S., to evaluate which products are worth buying. Many times China’s products are manufactured just as thoroughly as their counterparts in the U.S., and they are often much cheaper to purchase. In order to save money, many U.S. companies and consumers will purchase goods from China, and also establish businesses and create jobs in that country which would otherwise benefit domestic employment (â€Å"Economic Policy Institute†, 2012). GDP I would like to next address the effects of international trade to the GDP, domestic markets, and university students. International trade has become important to the U.S. economy in recent years, and the benefits of a global market improve the U.S. standard of living. The problem for the U.S. is the contraction of the GDP because of reduced exports and higher imports. The outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets can decrease the currency of the dollar, and make imports more expensive to purchase. If the currency of the dollar decreases, domestic markets will suffer because now goods cost more to purchase. Domestic markets can also be affected by international trade. If imports are cheaper than domestic company products, then domestic markets may suffer because the imports are cheaper to purchase. Many international students and public and private institutions also benefit from the effects of international trade. The revenues generated by international students are important because they usually pay out-of-state tuition, and the education sector usually benefits from a trade surplus (â€Å"Business Day†, 2013). Tariffs and Quotas The government’s choices, in regards to tariffs and quotas, usually have a big effect on international trade and relations. Many countries rely on net exports to maximize their productions companies. When quotas and tariffs are introduced to the global market, it can affect the flow of goods and products to consumer nations; and can negatively impact the production companies. Because it is usually beneficial for international companies to maximize production, tariffs and quotas can potentially strain international relations and trade. Exchange Rates I would like to next address foreign exchange rates and what determines them. Most of us are aware that currency has a value attached to it. The difference between the two country’s currency value, and the rate for what they will be exchanged for each other; is known as the foreign exchange rate. The exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which determines the local demand for foreign currencies (â€Å"Businessdictionary.com†, 2013). Goods in the U.S. The question is often asked, if China has restrictions on U.S. imports, then why does the U.S. not restrict goods coming in from China? To answer the question simply, Chinese imports are important to the U.S. because China has the fastest growing markets in the world. If the U.S. were to stop imports from China, then accordingly China would stop imports for the U.S., and we would not have access that important market. It is vital to have relationships with the global market, because those trade relationships keep the U.S. relevant in the global economy. Many economists agree if the U.S. were to stop trading with foreign countries, then the entire global economy would collapse, which would result in the entire globe going into a depression. Conclusion In conclusion I would like to state that I hope I have addressed all of you questions about the current state of the U.S. macro economy. It is important to understand the importance of all countries involved with foreign trade, and how their imports and our exports directly affect the U.S. economy and our jobs. While we would like to be independent from a lot of foreign goods, the idea of total independence from foreign trade is virtually impossible. As we discussed earlier, the reason is because of our trade deficits and their countries ability to invest in the U.S. References Economic Policy Institute. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.epi.org/publication/bp336-us-china-auto-parts-industry/ Businessdictionary.com. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/foreign-exchange-rate.html Business Day. (2013). Retrieved from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/the-impact-of-foreign-trade-on-the-economy/

Scientifc Method Lab 1

3/22/2013 Lab 1- The scientific method In this lab I am learning about the steps of the scientific method and how it can be applied to daily life. In my first exercise I analyzed data presented to me in a table (table 2) on fish population in relation to the amount of dissolved oxygen ( ppm ) in the water. The patterns indicate that when more dissolved oxygen (ppm) is present in the water, the number of fish observed increases. In developing a hypothesis for this theory, I have decided that if the amount of dissolved oxygen (ppm) is added to the water, then more fish we be observed, than water without adding dissolved oxygen to the water.My approach would be to devise an experiment in which the amount of dissolved oxygen (ppm) can be changed in a controlled manner, then measure and record the changes. My independent variable would be the amount of dissolved oxygen (ppm) in the water, while the dependent variable would be the amount of fish present. The control I would use in this spe cific experiment would be the temperature of the water. I would graph this data using a bar graph because the results I am comparing are not representative in a continuous series, and doesn’t include dates, or days that samples are taken.The results are independent from each other. When presenting the data from table 2: Water Quality vs. fish Population, I would use a bar graph using the number of fish observed on the horizontal, and the amount of dissolved water (ppm) vertical. Such as in the graph presented in figure 4: Top speed for cars. The data presented in my graph would show that when higher amounts of dissolved oxygen (ppm) are present, the higher the quantities of fish are observed. In exercise 2 , I have determined that number 1,5 and 10 are testable, while 2,3,4,6,7, and 9 are not testable. . When a plant is placed on a window sill, it grows faster than when it is placed on a coffee table in the middle of the living room. Hypothesis: If the plant is placed on the window sill and getting more sunlight, then I will grow faster than the plant placed on the coffee table in the middle of the living room where it receives less sunlight. Null Hypothesis: If I place the plant on the window sill, it will grow at the same rate as the plant on the coffee table. My approach would be to create an experiment where the amount of sunlight can be changed in a ontrolled manner, then measure and record the results. The independent variable would be the amount of sunlight the plants are exposed to, while the dependent variable would be the amount of growth of the plants. My controls could be the amount of water given to each plant, the humidity, or the time of day, to name a few. I would collect my data by recording the amount of time each plant is exposed to sunlight, and measuring the amount of growth each day. The data would then be presented using a line graph, representing growth in height, by day, Day 1, day 2, day 3 and day 4. separate lines will represe nt each plant. One line with sun light and another line without sunlight. My data will then be taken and analyzed from the tests, documentation and recordings done daily. Then I would use the data to support or nullify the hypothesis. 5. When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is lower than when she does not exercise and eats fatty foods. Hypothesis: If Sally eats healthy foods and exercises, then her blood pressure will be lower than if she does not exercise and eats fatty foods.Null hypothesis: If Sally eats healthy foods and exercises her blood pressure will be the same as if she does not exercise and eats fatty foods. My approach would be to record blood pressures for one week while not exercising and eating fatty foods. Then I would record blood pressures the following week while exercising and eating healthy food. The dependent variable will be blood pressure while the independent variable will be exercise, what kind of food eaten such as heal thy versus fatty.The control variable would be the intensity of exercise and the time of day eating the foods. I would collect my data by keeping a log of daily blood pressures. Also I would log the amount of exercise and what food is being eaten. In presenting the data I would use a graph showing the blood pressure trends. Analyzing the data with given results of the tests, and other support or nullify the hypothesis. 10. Ice cream melts faster on a warm summer day than on a cold winter day. Hypothesis: If it is a warm summer day then ice cream will melt faster than it would on a cold winter day.Null hypothesis: If ice cream melts on a warm summer day, then it will melt just as fast on a cold winter day. My approach would be to record the amount of time it takes for ice cream to melt on both warm summer days and on cold winter days. The dependent variable would be the amount of time it takes for ice cream to melt, while the independent variable would be the type of day, warm summer day, or cold winter day. The control would be the amount of ice cream and the type of ice cream.I would collect my data by recording the type of day and the amount of time it takes for the ice cream to melt. I would then present it by using a bar graph to compare. Analyzing the data is achieved by using all the data collected and either support or nullify the hypothesis. An example of using the scientific method to an everyday problem would be saving money on a utility bill. Unplugging all unused appliances and turning off lights when not in use to cut back on the bill. I could test this by using the scientific method and performing experiments to support or nullify my hypothesis.

Advantage of technical-vocational courses Essay

THE RESEARCHERS WISH TO EXPRESS THEIR PROFOUND gratitude to the persons who by their contributions have helped them to make this research with the guidance of their inspiring teacher, Mrs. Guiselle De Gusman Avila who widened their knowledge about Technical-Vocational courses, to their friends, Francis Abainza, Christian Palma who gave them more information and the other persons that give their ending support, and especially to their beloved parents Mrs. Clarita B. Bulawan and Carlos B. Bulawan, Mrs. Ma. Teresa c. Federizon and Mr. Jaime B. Federizon Sr. For their support morally, spiritually, emotionally and  physically. INTRODUCTION Severalstudentsinourpresentgeneration Desire to have their own respective courses. There are two main courses program, Technological – Vocational courses and professional courses. But the researchers’ situation, Technological-Vocational courses is more advantages than Professional courses. ThisstudyaimstodiscusshowTechnological Vocational courses are more advantage than other courses offered, especially to the graduating students and job seeking people. The scope ofthisresearchis allabout the advantages of Technological – Vocational courses, its characteristics , its branches of courses, how to  enroll and also the importance. In gathering the data needed for this study, the researchers made an interview with some person/students who are studying in Technological–Vocational schools. The researchers also conducted survey in schools, surfed the internet and got Information in public libraries and resources. I. What Technological – Vocational courses is Vocational education (also known asvocational education and training or VET) is an education that prepares people for specific trades, crafts and careers at various levels from a trade, a craft, technician, or a professional position in engineering, accountancy, nursing,  medicine, and other healing arts, architecture, pharmacy, law etc. Craft vocations are usually based on manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic, related to a specific trade, occupation, or vocation. It is sometimes referred to as technical education as the trainee directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques. Technical Education, instruction in a skill or procedure, usually of a mechanical type, and at a level between that of the professional scientist or engineer and that of a skilled craftsperson. Technicians support scientists and engineers by designing, developing,  producing, and maintaining machines and materials. The work of a technician is more limited in scope than that of a scientist or engineer and is commonly considered practical rather than theoretical in its orientation. A. What Are Its Characteristic Vocational education may be classified as teaching procedural knowledge. This can be contrasted with declarative knowledge, as used in education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge, characteristic of tertiary education. Vocational education can be at the secondary, post-secondary level, further education level  and can interact with the apprenticeship system. Increasingly, vocational education can be recognized in terms of recognition of prior learning and partial academic credit towards tertiary education. Inindustry,jobsfortechniciansrangefrom those that are narrow in scope and require relatively limited technical understanding, such as the routine inspection of parts, to those that require a considerable level of mathematical, scientific, and applied technological ability, such as engineering aide, instrumentation technician, draftsperson and tool designer. The growing field of computer technology is providing many  new employment opportunities for technicians. B. What Are Its Importance THE IMPORTANCE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION THAT IS imparted by specialized educational and training institutions, whose mission it is to prepare individuals for the demands ahead and prepare them to become independent experts and deliver their knowledge that they have acquired through various training programs. We find situations where many people may have the experience but not the qualification or the qualification but no experience so this then becomes a catch 22 situation and certain specialized fields lack the right candidate to fit the correct job role. It is very important to recognize that in today’s economy vocational jobs are becoming more and more important. This is why vocational education programs are essential to individuals looking to secure good career prospects in particular industries. C. How to Enroll in Technical-Vocational courses 1. Requirements Attendingtech-vocationalopensup opportunities for new experiences, learning and careers. Applying and acceptance to a tech-vocational school starts the process. Some vocational schools require only a few items to apply, while others stipulate many different types of enrollment forms and submissions. A successful  application requires that you fulfill the tech-vocational requirements. To enroll in a tech-vocational course you may contact the tech-vocations school for additional requirements. 2. Processes In vocational-technical education, production training alternates with theoretical instruction. The most effective combination of theoretical instruction and practical training is established for each field of specialization. In secondary vocational-technical schools, about 40 percent of class time is devoted to general subjects, 20 percent to special subjects, and 40 percent to production training. In technical schools and standard  vocational-technical schools for secondary school graduates, the proportions are 10, 20, and 70 percent, respectively. II. Factors That Encourages Students to Enroll In Technical – Vocational School A. Popularity Vocational-technical education became an independent stage of vocational education in the developed European capitalist countries during the second half of the 19th century. In the United States, this took place after World War 1(1914–18), when there was a sharp drop in the influx of skilled workers from Europe. B. Willingness The vocational-technical educational institutions exploited the labor of adolescents and often  employed insufficiently skilled workers as masters. In many cases there was no program of instruction, educational supplies were limited, and the students were given no theoretical knowledge. However, students have their own opportunity to select their own willing courses. C. Advantages Vocational courses and vocational training might equip you with the skills necessary to enter a particular profession, but their value is still far less compared to an honors bachelor degree or other types of academic degrees. It is usually backbenchers and dumbos – students with lesser merit and limited diligence who take  up vocational courses, normally after failing to find a seat in any university. Before taking up any vocational course, it is advisable to properly and thoroughly research the field and find out which particular skills and qualities your potential employer is searching for. Only then should you enroll in a vocational course in a reputed college. III. What are The Advantages of Technical – Vocational Courses A. Fast Employment Vocational courses are skill focused and impart practical knowledge to pupils that make them employable. The inclusion of practical on the job experience and work related projects provides valuable training and  real life experience which come in handy for securing jobs. In short, vocational courses are employment friendly. B. Enjoy To Work Technical-Vocational courses are reliable to work within even if you are willing and interested too much to your course. C. To Improve Skills Even though when you are working, one such thing is improving, not only your mind but also your skills. It is known as upgrading your natural talent. D. To Get High Salary Studentswho attendvocational schoolsaccredited by the Department of Education are eligible to receive financial aid from the U. S. government. Some students are  even eligible to receive grant money that does not need to be repaid. Vocationalschools arebeneficialbecause they often charger lower tuition than colleges and universities. High-school students who attend vocational classes through their high schools often enroll in the vocational program free of charge. E. They Can Go Abroad Some agencies offered jobs from abroad. So that worker can go work to other countries. F. They can Get Experiences Graduates of a vocational school program are equipped to enter the job market armed with marketable career skills. These skills can lead to higher-paying jobs and greater job satisfaction. AccordingtotheU. S. DepartmentofEducation, training at a vocational school can lead to a degree, diploma or a certificate in an industry-specific program, such as automotive technology or cosmetology. Potential vocational school candidates should make sure that the school of their choice offers the appropriate licensure needed for an entry-level position in their desired field. CONCLUSION Theresearchersconcludethata Technical-Vocational course is more advantages than professional courses. The impact of technology on occupations, the tendency of employers to set higher educational requirements and the need for employees with  specialized training have made vocational preparation imperative. Part-time programs are essential in order to provide occupational mobility among workers and to overcome the effects of job obsolescence. Bibliography Brown, P. and Hesketh, A. (2004) The Mismanagement of Talent: Employability and Jobs in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Brickman, William W. â€Å"Vocational Education. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. Brickman, William W. â€Å"Technical Education. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. Brodhead, C. W. â€Å"Image 2000: A Vision for Vocational Education. â€Å" VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 66, no. 1 (January 1991):22-25. O’Connor, P. J. and Trussell, S. T. â€Å"The Marketing of Vocational Education. â€Å" VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 62, no. 8 (November-December 1987):31-32. Silberman, H. F. â€Å"Improving The Status of High School Vocational Education. â€Å"EDUCATIONAL HORIZONS 65, no. 1 (Fall 1986): 5-9. Reeves, Diane Lindsey â€Å"CAREER ACADEMY TOOLKIT†. Raleigh, North Carolina: Bright Futures Press, 2006. MLA Style: â€Å"vocational education. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2012.

Dependency in a Capitalist System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dependency in a Capitalist System - Essay Example The means of producing more goods are controlled by a power within the society that offers the opportunity for development to the struggling person in acquiring their developmental status. Capitalist system does not acknowledge development of those that are considered low in the economic system, because it wants to develop its own resources in achieving maximum returns. Marxism advocates that poverty gain development in a capitalist system that offers minimal progress to the hard worker. This question is answered to address the meaning of achieving dependency in a capitalist system and the measures it provides. Dependency would mean being able to satisfy the economical constrains individually without oppression or interference from an external power. The affairs of the government, in a capitalist system, are mostly decided by a central power that offers its restrictions to the majority. A dependent entity is one whose action is based solely on the decision made by the creator. An exa mple in a company may be presented in the employer and employees of a shoe manufacturing company in Indonesia. The capitalist system offers the employment opportunity and gives the rules for work. However, the employee lacks independence because the society forces them to accept minimal wages in handling massive tasks with few opportunities for development. Being dependent would mean gaining access to the desired resources that could be applied to advance the individual in the measure that they dictate. To achieve dependency imply that power is evenly distributed among the less fortunate with consideration issued to the less favored. There would be a comfort achieved that defies the standards set by the capitalists breaking from the bonds that warrants oppression from the unjust system. Dependency deprives the capitalist the power to dictate terms in a closed relationship that offers minimal opportunity. The capitalist system issues power to the private property handlers with merit issued on their ability to control production. Dependent individuals are capable of practicing their rights freely and explore the, developmental societal, presentations that are found in the industry. The boundaries that limit the development of personal ambitions are broken, and less legislation to limit expression of ideas issued. To be dependent on a capitalist system would mean realizing the benefits of the free society as economic presentations are advanced. Fewer constraints and dictatorship from the capitalist are presented and decisions are based on the majority that constitutes the market and economy. Conclusion In a capitalist society, there is an individual selected to dictate policy formation and economic progress. However, a free society would break these bonds and allow for personal expression. The society is presented with the ability to make decisions based on their interest. Dependency promotes equal development from the grassroots to the higher-ranking individuals . These factors have been found to lead to democracy achievement, and eventually, liberalization. 2. Hegemony Introduction Hegemony is a term used to describe the dominance forms that are expressed in the international market. Hegemony highlights the dominance of one group as compared to the rest that may be defied to be below their rule. The form of dominance may be partially expressed or fully depending on the

Does the implementation of the PI program improve the performance of Research Paper

Does the implementation of the PI program improve the performance of Reseda High school students - Research Paper Example te the research such as the curriculum of the schools that are chosen in the research and the control variables which are issues that can be controlled by the researcher such as the program improvement and types of students who are sampled during the research. The variables play a large role in the research and thus it should be noted that the researcher should do their best not to influence them in a way that the end results are affected (Lopez, 2008). The study of whether implementation of the PI program will help improve the performance of public schools is an issue that needs to be determined clearly in order for the government to decide on if they should introduce the program to more schools or if the designers need to go back to rethink in a bid to work out the kinks if any before spreading to other schools in the country (Kate, 2010). 2. Research Design and its Justification The research design that is used in this study is also another important issue that needs to be determi ned in order to ensure that accurate results are achieved at the end of the research. The research design refers to the method that the researcher chooses to carry out his study in terms of attaining the answer to the question that has been posed. The method chosen has to be applicable to the particular study and should suit the environment in which it is used. This implies that the method undertaken should not be forced into action but should fit seamlessly into the activities that are involved which include the collection of the data required and its analysis in the final stage of the study to determine the results. Choosing the wrong research design may add unneeded complications for the researcher during the study and in the worst case scenario even result in inaccurate results... Does the implementation of the PI program improve the performance of Reseda High school students? The performance of public schools has become a reason for concern as the results of children who attend these schools have shown little advancement over the years. There are a number of reasons that have been given for this trend with the most popular being the transfer of the brighter children in the public school systems to private institutions once their high IQ is discovered. The method chosen has to be applicable to the particular study and should suit the environment in which it is used. This implies that the method undertaken should not be forced into action but should fit seamlessly into the activities that are involved which include the collection of the data required and its analysis in the final stage of the study to determine the results. Choosing the wrong research design may add unneeded complications for the researcher during the study and in the worst case scenario even result in inaccurate results. There are a number of advantages that the use of Quasi-Experimental Designs brings to the table of the study; some of these include factors such as they are easier to put up than true experimental designs which simplify the procedure for the researcher. These designs also reduce the risks to external validations as they are held in natural environments, which also allows for generalizations on certain topics to be made about the population that is being studied.

Records and Information Management Research Paper

Records and Information Management - Research Paper Example The article also asserts that information is one of the best resources in the world. It is required daily to solve not only problems, but also make decisions affecting the future. Increasingly, the level of success enjoyed by any organization depends on the manner in which the information resource is managed. According to the article, when one refers to information he or she means the entire records, documents, as well as data and files created, received and preserved. Records management on the other hand is the â€Å"field of management responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation, receipt, maintenance, and disposition of records – including capturing and maintain evidence of and information about business activities and transactions in the form of records† (Records & Information Management, 1). According to the article, the objectives furnishing accurate, timely as well complete information for amicable decision-making. Other objectives include efficient processing of recorded information, provision of information as well as records at the lowest cost, rendering maximum service to record users and getting rid of the information that is not required. The article also asserts that organizations invest in records management systems together with programmes so as to realize their business benefits. In relation to this assertion, one can deduce that RIM systems are the key part of incorporating new technologies i nto the business as well as ensuring conformity with record keeping requirements by the government. In conclusion, information management as well as record management plays a very significant role in the management of an organization. Organizations rely on information in making amicable decisions pertaining to their production of services to the customers. Organizations also invest on records management in order to realize the benefits of their

Mahasweta Devi, Breast-Giver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mahasweta Devi, Breast-Giver - Essay Example And, there is a proportion among writers who bring these situations and incidents into a written form, using the realistic or fictionalized version of the real life happenings as the base, particularly the ‘injuring’ or distressing aspects. Mahasweta Devi is one such writer, who has used the culture, events etc prevailing in India, particularly the distressing and disturbing happenings in her home state of West Bengal in her works. So, in this paper I will focus on Mahasweta Devi, her life, her works and what will be the contents of my presumed interaction with her. Mahasweta Devi presently lives in Kolkatta (the new name of Calcutta). Apart from being an accomplished Indian writer, she is also a social worker, involving herself in many worthwhile causes and thus travels to many parts of West Bengal and throughout India. So, I planned to reach Kolkatta by air and from the airport, based on Devi’s current work or location, I will make the trip by road or train. Before boarding my flight, I researched about Devi through internet and books, and got a lot of information about her life and her works. So, onboard the flight to Kolkatta, based on the information, I set my thought process into action and tried to form the questions I will ask Devi, topics for our conversation etc, etc. As, I want the interaction with Devi to be smooth, fruitful, engaging and beneficial, I formed certain questions and topics based on the research. Firstly, I plan to ask Devi about her early days in erstwhile East Bengal and whether the partition of India and Paki stan had any impact on her life. Devi was actually born in Dacca, in what is now Bangladesh. Being a Hindu, she and her family moved into West Bengal in India at the time of partition of India and Pakistan. That is, as British gave freedom to India in 1947, they divided mainland India, into India and Pakistan, with Hindu majority areas staying with India and Muslim majority areas going to